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NukusTermezSamarkandKarshiNavoiJizzakhGulistanNamanganAndijan

Satellite image: NASA EOSDIS GIBS, VIIRS true colour, a cloud-free median of daily images from August and September 2025. Geology of Uzbekistan: Map of Mineral Deposits of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1:500,000 (2020; chief editor B.F. Islamov), traced for this map; beyond Uzbekistan: Persits, Ulmishek & Steinshouer (1998), USGS, after the Geologic Map of the USSR at 1:7,500,000 (1966). Thermal waters: Bakiev et al. (2022), Fig. 2, traced for this map. Heat flow: measurements from Global Heat Flow Database, Release 2024 (IHFC) (CC BY 4.0) and values from Sidorova et al. (2023), Aitmetova & Meylieva (2021), Bakiev et al. (2022), Mukhammadiev (2025), Sanders et al. (1995), Shoimurotov et al. (2023), Shoymuratov (2020), Tulyaganov (2011), interpolated for this map; the map of Zui, Andreyev & Rakhmatullayev (2020), Fig. 4 (CC BY-NC 4.0), and its faults, redrawn for this map. Isotopes in precipitation: OIPC gridded maps (Bowen and Revenaugh, 2003; Bowen et al., 2005; data IAEA/WMO GNIP), brought to the height of the ground with the Copernicus DEM and adjusted to the measured means of studies in the Research section. Rock sequences: Geolex (Geologic TimeScale Foundation; Abduazimova, 2001). Borders, regions, rivers and lakes: Natural Earth. Earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey, ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat) (public domain). Seismic hazard: GEM Global Seismic Hazard Map, version 2023.1 (Johnson et al., 2023) (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Precipitation and air temperature: CHELSA v2.1 (Karger et al., 2017) (CC0). Water isotopes: Isabekov et al. (2026); Isabekov (2026); Nishonov et al. (2024); Saidaliyeva et al. (2024); Umirzakov et al. (2023); Yapiyev et al. (2024); position of the Barkrak glacier: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). Winter surface temperature: Landsat 8–9 Collection 2 surface temperature, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey. Relief: Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (© DLR e.V. 2010–2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014–2018, provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA). Land cover: ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 v200 (© ESA WorldCover project 2021, contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data (2021) processed by ESA WorldCover consortium; CC BY 4.0). Population: GHS-POP R2023A (Schiavina et al., 2023, European Commission, Joint Research Centre; CC BY 4.0). CO₂ emissions: EDGAR 2025 (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, with IEA data; CC BY 4.0).

Heat flow. Mapped heat flow over most of Uzbekistan is about 60–75 mW/m². It is lower around Tashkent and rises above 80 mW/m² in parts of the Fergana Valley and in Surkhandarya near Termez. Source: Zui, Andreyev & Rakhmatullayev (2020). Heat flow of Uzbekistan: geology and interpretation. Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, 1, 95–105. Pins are placed from published coordinates; location precision is graded A (published GPS position), B (facility pin on an online map) or C (approximate).

All 46 thermal water sites as a table
No.SiteRegionTemperatureDepthLocation
1Tashkent city44–47 °C (bath and drinking water); 51 °C (operator site)1,530–1,600 mB
2Tashkent city22–40 °C1,544 mB
3Tashkent city48 °C (bath); 35 °C (drinking)1,820 mB
4Tashkent region57 °C at discovery (1952); 37–40 °C today1,371 mC
5Tashkent region49–52 °C1,300 mC
6Tashkent region74–78 °C1,780 mB
7Tashkent region35–55 °C1,960 mA
8Tashkent region40–45 °C1,820 mB
9Tashkent regionabout 48 °C at the wellhead1,400 mB
10Tashkent region36–36.7 °C, constant year-roundSpringC
11Syrdarya region31 °C1,620 mB
12Fergana region37–42 °C; 41 °C from the 1,756 m well1,756 mB
13Fergana region23–25 °C (bath); 20 °C (drinking, 1,650 m)506 and 669 mB
14Fergana region36 °C–C
15Namangan region42–47 °C (wells 2 and 5); 44 °C (bath); 40–60 °C (well 1); up to 72 °C1,229–1,624 mA
16Namangan region24–32 °C507 mA
17Namangan region50 °C1,300 mC
18Namangan region23 °C450 mC
19Namangan region22–27 °CSpringC
20Andijan region18–40 °C–C
21Samarkand region37–43 °C650 mA
22Navoi region64–70 °C135–300 mC
23Bukhara region40–42 °C (bath); 50–52 °C (drinking)40 m (bath); 1,100 m (drinking)A
24Kashkadarya region37–38 °C (bath)1,350 mC
25Surkhandarya region30–40 °C (H₂S water); 37–38 °C (iodine–bromine water)234 m; 390–432 mC
26Surkhandarya region40 °C1,050.5 mC
27Surkhandarya region76 °C (1979); 72 °C (2016) at the wellhead–C
28Surkhandarya region39–40 °C–C
29Surkhandarya region25 °C–C
30Surkhandarya region30–31 °CSpringC
31Khorezm region22 °C700 mC
32Navoi regionup to 46 °C–C
33Navoi region42–53 °C (mine water and rock); thermal water up to 56 °COre down to 500 m; the main thermal aquifer lies below 411 m in the Kyzylkumsky shaftC
34Tashkent city47–47.5 °C2,058 m, filters at 1,687–1,776 m (well 1); 1,902 m (well 2)B
35Tashkent city62 °C2,435 mC
36Tashkent city22–24 °C2,375 mB
37Tashkent region58 °C1,900 mB
38Tashkent region55 °C at the outflow–C
39Tashkent region55 °C at the outflow–C
40Samarkand region45 °C600 mC
41Samarkand region36 °C (three wells); 37–40 °C (well No. 9)300 m (three wells)C
42Bukhara region92 °C at the outflow2,950 mC
43Surkhandarya region37–40 °C–B
44Surkhandarya region40 °C–B
45Surkhandarya region21–24 °C–C
46Republic of Karakalpakstan38–41 °CTop of the aquifer at 380–520 mC
40 prospective geothermal water fields, by region
RegionField or siteWater temperature, °CMineralisation, g/l
Andijan regionSouth Alamishik4514
Sufikishlok421.5–3
Khojaabad404
Marhamat33118–133
Palvantash31–32239.8
Bukhara regionUmid9290–130
Jurun-Bolo53–631.6
Juizar53–541.3
Sitorai-Mohi-Hosa46–473.2–3.4
Bukhara462.8
Karakul site20–2410.99–13.6
Jizzakh regionGallaaral20–222.85
Kashkadarya regionShahrisabz802.4
Agron700.9
Uirot60–651.14
Maido-yobi600.85
Karabair601.3
Karkuk601.6
Dultali501
Turon water420.47
Kashkadaryo Sohili382.8
Kamashi18–201.3–1.44
Namangan regionGurtepa8160
Hotamtoe25–5110–54.2
Samarkand regionHumor403.2
Syrdarya regionHawatag60–624.2
Tashkent regionBekabad514.6–4.8
Chirchik225.2
Aktepe209.65
Aktash–3
Fergana regionTashlak250.5–0.65
Toshkentlik-guzar23–240.26
Khorezm regionKoshkupyr4646.3
Republic of KarakalpakstanTumarastau27–411.45–25
Nurbay36–405–11.6
Baimurat28–382.3–3
Kempirtobe28–381.8–3
Nsan28–371.55–2.3
Chukurkak28–
Tahiatash25–2837–81.1

Source: Ibragimov, Ismailov, Mumindjanov, Tursunmetov & Gafurov (2025). Thermal energy resources of geothermal waters of Uzbekistan and prospects of their utilization. AIP Conference Proceedings 3256, 040035. These fields have no published coordinates, so they are listed rather than mapped.