Jurnal maqolasiOchiq kirish
O‘zbekiston hududida transchegaraviy Zarafshon daryosi suvi sifatini baholash
Assessment of Water Quality of the Trans-Boundary Zarafshan River in the Territory of Uzbekistan
- Department of Applied Ecology, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
- Department of Geography, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.51003
Asosiy jihatlar
- Zarafshon daryosi: uzunligi 781 km, havzasi 143 000 km², ko‘p yillik o‘rtacha suv sarfi 190 m³/s.
- Ravotxo‘jadan (Tojikiston–O‘zbekiston chegarasi) Navoiydagi «Navoiyazot» oqova suvlari chiqariladigan joydan 0,8 km quyigacha yetti namuna olish nuqtasi; 2002–2006, 2008 va 2009-yillar uchun yillik o‘rtacha qiymatlar.
- Nitrat 0,52–3,60 mg/l (chegara 45 mg/l); ammoniy 0,01–0,12 mg/l (chegara 0,39 mg/l); temir 0,01–0,15 mg/l (chegara 0,5 mg/l).
- Ftor Ravotxo‘jada taxminan 0,2 mg/l, quyi oqim tomon ortadi (chegara 0,75 mg/l).
- Ravotxo‘jada mishyak 5,5 mkg/l gacha (2005) va rux 11 mkg/l (2003); chegaralar 0,05 mg/l va 0,01 mg/l.
- Navoiyda olti valentli xrom 2002–2003-yillarda 0,001 mg/l chegaradan ikki-uch baravar yuqori; shahardan quyida taxminan 3,8 mkg/l.
- Navoiy viloyatidagi kollektor-drenaj suvlari, 2004–2006: minerallashuv 1,45–2,77 g/l, sulfat 702–1 352 mg/l, xlorid 56,5–167 mg/l.
- Drenaj oqimi: Samarqand viloyatida yiliga 1,23–1,50 km³ (2002–2004); Navoiy viloyatida yiliga 0,75–0,88 km³ (2002–2005).
Annotatsiya
The Zarafshan river is a main trans-boundary river of the Aral Sea basin. As the main water resource, the Zarafshan river water is mainly used by the republics of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. We explored the trends of space-time pollution of river water with ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, biological oxygen demand (BOD), fluorine and some heavy metals at seven water sampling points along the Zarafshan River in Uzbekistan. The experimental data showed that the water quality of the Zarafshan river in 2002-2009 has undergone a considerable transformation, even by the length of the river. The chemical composition of the Zarafshan river water underwent changes due to the agricultural collector-drainage discharges and the sewage of the cities of Samarkand and Navoi. The water pollutants of the Zarafshan river, as a consequence of the agricultural pollution, consisted of mineralization, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and pesticides. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the large agricultural collector-drainage discharges into the river. The main sources of the heavy metals (primarily arsenic and zinc) in the Zarafshan river water were probably ore processing manufactures located in territory of Tajikistan.
Inglizcha annotatsiya maqoladan olingan. Mualliflar annotatsiyasi CC BY 4.0 litsenziyasi asosida keltirilgan. Annotatsiya ingliz tilida berilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar
- transchegaraviy daryo
- Zarafshon daryosi
- suv ifloslanishi
- suv sarfi
- kollektor-drenaj oqimi
- oqova suvlar
Sodda qilib aytganda
Mualliflar Zarafshonning O‘zbekiston qismidagi yetti nuqtada 2002–2009-yillardagi (2007-yil ma’lumotlari yo‘q) yillik o‘rtacha konsentratsiyalarni taqqoslaydi: Tojikiston–O‘zbekiston chegarasidagi Ravotxo‘ja (P1), Samarqand yonida Oqdaryo suv ayirgichi hamda Siyob va Taligulon kollektorlari atrofidagi uch nuqta (P2–P4), Xatirchi aholi punkti (P5) va Navoiyda «Navoiyazot» zavodining oqova suvlari chiqariladigan joydan 1 km yuqori va 0,8 km quyi (P6, P7). Namunalar Toshkentdagi Gidrometeorologiya ilmiy-tadqiqot institutida (NIGMI) tahlil qilingan. Tojikistondagi Zarafshon muzligidan boshlanadigan, muzlik va qor suvlaridan to‘yinadigan daryoning uzunligi 781 km, havzasi 143 000 km², ko‘p yillik o‘rtacha suv sarfi 190 m³/s; suv sarfi iyulda eng ko‘p, fevral–martda eng kam bo‘ladi.
Nitrat miqdori 0,52 dan 3,60 mg/l gacha bo‘lib, quyi oqim tomon oshib borgan, ammoniy 0,01–0,12 mg/l, temir 0,01–0,15 mg/l bo‘lgan — barchasi O‘zbekistonda ruxsat etilgan chegaradan past. Ftor Ravotxo‘jada o‘rtacha taxminan 0,2 mg/l bo‘lib, quyi oqim tomon ortgan, lekin 0,75 mg/l chegaradan oshmagan; mualliflar buni drenaj suvlaridagi fosforli o‘g‘itlar bilan bog‘laydi. Mishyak Ravotxo‘jada eng yuqori bo‘lib, 2005-yilda 5,5 mkg/l ga yetgan, u yerda rux 2003-yilda 11 mkg/l ga, ya’ni 10 mkg/l chegaradan biroz yuqoriga chiqqan; mualliflar ikkalasini ham Tojikistondagi ruda qayta ishlash korxonalari bilan izohlaydi. Navoiyda olti valentli xrom 2002–2003-yillarda 0,001 mg/l chegaradan ikki-uch baravar yuqori bo‘lgan va shahardan quyida taxminan 3,8 mkg/l ga yetgan; xlororganik pestitsidlar chegaradan past qolgan.
Daryo bo‘ylab ifloslanishning asosiy manbai — sug‘oriladigan yerlardan keladigan kollektor-drenaj suvlari. Samarqand viloyatida yiliga 2,4–2,5 km³ daryo suvi sug‘orishga sarflanadi, 2002–2004-yillarda drenaj oqimi yiliga 1,23–1,50 km³ bo‘lgan; u yerdagi yirik kollektorlar suvining minerallashuvi 0,74–0,76 g/l. Navoiy viloyatida 2002–2005-yillarda drenaj oqimi yiliga 0,75–0,88 km³ bo‘lgan; Oqoltin-2, Markaziy va Narpay kollektorlari daryoga minerallashuvi 1,66–2,93 g/l bo‘lgan 95,4 mln m³ suv olib keladi, 2004–2006-yillarda Navoiy viloyatida namuna olingan kollektorlarda minerallashuv 1,45–2,77 g/l, sulfat 702–1 352 mg/l, xlorid 56,5–167 mg/l bo‘lib, daryo suvidagidan yuqori bo‘lgan.
Rasmlar (3)
Iqtibos namunasi
R. Kulmatov, C. Opp, M. Groll and D. Kulmatova (2013). Assessment of Water Quality of the Trans-Boundary Zarafshan River in the Territory of Uzbekistan. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 5(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.51003